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Sharp homogeneous depth-five complexity of matrix products
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Homogeneous depth-five lower bounds for iterated matrix multiplication. Over every characteristic-zero field, the $(1,1)$ entry of a product of n independent $n\times n$ variable matrices requires $n^{\Theta(\sqrt n)}$ gates in homogeneous depth-five sum–product circuits. This sharp bound allows shared gates and bottom linear forms involving all variables.

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released 2026-09-25  |  1 theorem · 5 lemmas · 10 proofs · 8,346 words  |  PLAY LEVEL 1 »  (pdf)
Let $\mathop{\mathrm{IMM}}\nolimits _{n,n}$ be the $(1,1)$ entry of a product of n independent $n\times n$ matrices of variables. Over every field of characteristic zero, every syntactically homogeneous $\Sigma\Pi\Sigma\Pi\Sigma$ circuit computing $\mathop{\mathrm{IMM}}\nolimits _{n,n}$ has at least $n^{\sqrt n/400}$ gates for all sufficiently large n, with an absolute threshold independent of the field. Bottom linear forms may have arbitrary support, and arbitrary finite fan-in, fan-out, and gate sharing are allowed. Over every field, a block expansion gives such circuits with at most $n^{\sqrt n+4}$ gates for n ≥ 2. Thus the gate complexity over characteristic-zero fields is $n^{\Theta(\sqrt n)}$.

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