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The free uniform spanning forest is a factor of IID
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The free uniform spanning forest is a factor of IID. On every infinite connected locally finite simple unweighted graph, the free uniform spanning forest is a factor of independent vertex labels, by one isomorphism-equivariant rule using no root. Translation-invariant strongly Rayleigh binary processes on every countable group, including invariant determinantal processes with Hermitian positive-contraction kernels, are also factors of IID.

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released 2026-09-25  |  2 theorems · 7 lemmas · 14 proofs · 8,139 words  |  PLAY LEVEL 1 »  (pdf)
We prove that the free uniform spanning forest is a factor of IID on every infinite connected locally finite simple unweighted graph. One Borel rule works for all such graphs and uses no root, answering affirmatively the general factor question for unimodular random graphs. We also show that every translation-invariant strongly Rayleigh process indexed by a countable group is a factor of IID, including invariant determinantal processes with Hermitian positive-contraction kernels. This group-action conclusion requires no amenability.

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